The Aviation Science

🛫A turn is made by banking the airplane. 🛫In any airplane at any airspeed if a constant altitude is maintained during the turn the load factor for a given degree of bank is the same. 🛫For any given angle of bank the rate of turn is varies with the airspeed. 🛫At given airspeed the load factor increases as AOA increases and the wing stall because the AOA has been increased to a certain angle. ➡️Subscribe us for more aircraft knowledge and aircraft fact⬅️ ➡️Do Share with your Friends⬅️

🛫Ceiling refers to the density altitude the aircraft is capable of reaching under a set conditions (configutaion). 🛫Service Ceiling- The service ceiling is the altitude at which the aircraft is unable to climb at a rate greater than 100 feet per minute (fpm). 🛫Absolute ceiling, there is no excess of power and only one speed will allow steady, level flight. ✈️Based on Maximum Climb Rate 🛫Absolute Ceiling - 0 ft/min RoC 🛫Service Ceiling - 100 ft/min RoC 🛫Cruise Ceiling - 300 ft/min Roc 🛫Combat Ceiling - 500 ft/min Roc 🛫RoC- Rate of Climb ➡️Subscribe us for more aircraft knowledge and aircraft fact⬅️ ➡️Do Share with your Friends⬅️

🛫A modern procedure that is widely used is the stabilised approach. 🛫In this case, the aeroplane descends from the lowest holding altitude (LHA) in the arrival stack and adopts a 300ft/nm rate of descent that is maintained all the way to the runway threshold. 🛫This minimises power adjustments and negates the need for the straight and level segment to intercept the glide path from below. 🛫It also reduces fuel burn and although this is not a major saving per flight, when multiplied by the annual total of approached made in an operation, amounts to a significant economy. ➡️Subscribe us for more aircraft knowledge and aircraft fact⬅️ ➡️Do Share with your Friends⬅️

🛫A monocoque structure uses its outer shell to support stresses and loads applied to it, whereas a semi-monocoque structure has an internal "skeleton" of supports and braces to keep its shape rigid and strong. 🛫The vast majority of pressurized aircraft are semimonocoque to help distribute stresses equally along the fuselage during flight. 🛫However, some helicopters use monocoque structure to maximize internal space in the flight compartment. 🛫Monocoque fuselage has its skin holding the skeleton structure together while the semi-monocoque has both the skin and the skeleton holding together. 🛫Semi-monocoque also has "stringers" running horizontally down the plane to help hold the frame together. 🛫The monocoque fuselage also cannot be used for airframes after a certain size (small aircraft with single engine), but the semi-monocoque has been used from single piston engines to commercial airliners. 🛫A monocoque design would also have ...

🛩️All aircraft hydraulic systems have one or more power-driven pumps and may have a hand pump as an additional unit when the engine-driven pump is inoperative. 🛩️Power-driven pumps are the primary source of energy and may be either engine driven, electric motor driven, or air driven. 🛩️As a general rule, electrical motor pumps are installed for use in emergencies or during ground operations. 🛩️Some aircraft can deploy a ram air turbine (RAT) to generate hydraulic power. 🛩️Double-action hand pumps produce fluid flow and pressure on each stroke of the handle. 🛩️The double-action hand pump consists essentially of a housing that has a cylinder bore and two ports, a piston, two spring-loaded check valves, and an operating handle. 🛩️An O-ring on the piston seals against leakage between the two chambers of the piston cylinder bore. 🛩️An O-ring in a groove in the end of the pump housing seals against leakage between the piston rod and housing. 🛩️When the piston is...

🛫A sonic boom is the sound associated with the shock waves created whenever an object travelling through the air travels faster than the speed of sound. 🛫Sonic booms generate enormous amounts of sound energy, sounding similar to an explosion or a thunderclap to the human ear. 🛫Sound travels in the form of wave in all directions. 🛫Imagine that a stationary aircraft has its engine ON , so the sound travels like sphere around the aircraft with each outer lining, representing a wave. 🛫When aircraft moves, the waves ahead of aircraft get compressed, but they do not averlap each other below the speed of sound. 🛫When it travels faster than speed of sound, the aircraft travels faster than these waves and the waves combine to form a single high energy wave called Sonic boom. 🛫This forms cone behind the aircraft called "Mach Cone". 🛫We can't hear the sound when aircraft passes over is , we can only hear it when the base of this cone reac...

🛫The Attitude indicator (AL), formerly known as the gyro horizon or artificial horizon, is a flight instrument that informs the pilot of the aircraft orientation relative to Earth's horizon, and gives an immediate indication of the smallest orientation change. 🛫The miniature aircraft and horizon bar mimic the relationship of the aircraft relative to the actual horizon. 🛫It is a primary instrument for flight in instrument meteorological conditions. 🛫The essential components of the AI include a symbolic miniature aircraft mounted so that it appears to be flying relative to the horizon. 🛫An adjustment knob, to account for the pilot's line of vision, moves the aircraft up and down to align it against the horizon bar. 🛫The top half of the instrument is blue to represent the sky, while the bottom half is brown to represent the ground. 🛫The bank index at the top shows the aircraft angle of bank. 🛫Reference lines in the middle indicate...

🛫In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. 🛫A practical application of Bernoulli’s theorem is the Venturi tube, sometimes called a convergent / divergent duct. 🛫The Venturi tube has an inlet which narrows to a throat, and an outlet section, relatively longer, which increases in diameter towards the rear. 🛫The mass of air entering the tube must exactly equal the mass exiting the tube. 🛫At the constriction, the speed must increase to allow the same amount of air to pass in the same amount of time as in all other parts of the tube. 🛫When the air speeds up, the pressure also decreases. 🛫Past the constriction, the airflow slows and the pressure increases. 🛫Mass Flow is dependent on the 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐱 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐱 𝐕𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 and is a constant. 🛫This is known as the 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐢...

🛫Flaps are a kind of high-lift device used to increase the lift of an aircraft wing at a given airspeed. 🛫Flaps are usually mounted on the wing trailing edges of a fixed-wing aircraft. 🛫Flaps are used for extra lift on takeoff. 🛫Flaps also cause an increase in drag in mid-flight, so they are retracted when not needed. 🛫Extending the wing flaps increases the camber or curvature of the wing, raising the maximum lift coefficient or the upper limit to the lift a wing can generate. 🛫This allows the aircraft to generate the required lift at a lower speed, reducing the stalling speed of the aircraft, and therefore also the minimum speed at which the aircraft will safely maintain flight. ➡️Subscribe us for more aircraft knowledge and aircraft fact⬅️  ➡️Do Share with your Friends⬅️

🛫The center of gravity (CG) of an aircraft is the point over which the aircraft would balance. 🛫Its position is calculated after supporting the aircraft on at least two sets of weighing scales or load cells and noting the weight shown on each set of scales or load cells. 🛫The center of gravity affects the stability of the aircraft. 🛫To ensure the aircraft is safe to fly, the center of gravity must fall within specified limits established by the aircraft manufacturer. 🛫Center of gravity (CG) limits are specified longitudinal (forward and aft) and/or lateral (left and right) limits within which the aircraft's center of gravity must be located during flight. 🛫The CG limits are indicated in the airplane flight manual. 🛫The area between the limits is called the CG range of the aircraft. ➡️Subscribe us for more aircraft knowledge and aircraft fact⬅️  ➡️Do Share with your Friends⬅️