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𝐇𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞

Helicopter Structure 🛩️The major components of a helicopter are the airframe, fuselage, landing gear, powerplant/ transmission, main rotor system, and antitorque system. 🛩️The airframe, or fundamental structure, of a helicopter can be made of either metal or wood composite materials, or some combination of the two. Typically, a composite component consists of many layers of fiber- impregnated resins, bonded to form a smooth panel. Tubular and sheet metal substructures are. 🛩️The major components of a helicopter are the airframe, fuselage, landing gear, powerplant/ transmission, main rotor system, and antitorque system. 🛩️The airframe, or fundamental structure, of a helicopter can be made of either metal or wood composite materials, or some combination of the two. Typically, a composite component consists of many layers of fiber- impregnated resins, bonded to form a smooth panel. Tubular and sheet metal substructures are usually made of aluminum, though stainless steel or...

𝐆𝐥𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐒𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐞

Glide Slope 🛩️glide slope of ILS is defined as a system of vertical guidance embodied in the Instrument Landing System which indicates the vertical deviation of the aircraft from its optimum path of descent. 🛩️A glide slope station uses an antenna array sited to one side of the runway touchdown zone. The GS signal is transmitted on a carrier signal. 🛩️The centre of the glide slope signal is arranged to define a glide path of approximately 3° above horizontal (ground level). The beam is 1.4° deep (0.7° below the glide-path centre and 0.7° above). 🛩️The pilot controls the aircraft so that the glide slope indicator remains centered on the display to ensure the aircraft is following the glide path to remain above obstructions and reach the runway at the proper touchdown point (it provides vertical guidance). 🛩️Two signals are transmitted on one of 40 ILS channels. One is modulated at 90 Hz, the other at 150 Hz. These are transmitted from co-located ant...

𝐑𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐨 𝐰𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬

Radio Waves 🛩️A radio wave is invisible to the human eye. It is electromagnetic in nature and part of the electronic spectrum of wave activity that includes gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, infrared waves, and visible light rays, as well all radio waves. The atmosphere is filled with these waves. Each wave occurs at a specific frequency and has a corresponding wavelength. The relationship between frequency and wavelength is inversely proportional. A high frequency wave has a short wave length and a low frequency wave has a long wave length. 🛩️In aviation, a variety of radio waves are used for communication. Here, It is illustrated the radio spectrum that includes the range of common aviation radio frequencies and their applications. 🛩️A wide range of frequencies are used from low frequency (LF) at 100 kHz (100,000 cycles per second) to super high frequency (SHF) at nearly 10gHz (10,000,000,000 cycles per second). The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) controls ...

𝐓𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐑𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐨 𝐖𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬

Types of Radio Waves 🛩️Radio waves of different frequencies have unique characteristics as they propagate through the atmosphere. VLF, LF, & MF waves have relatively long wavelengths and utilize correspondingly long antennas. 🛩️Radio waves produced at these frequencies ranging from 3kHz to 3mHz are known as ground waves or surface waves. They follow the curvature of the earth as they travel from the broadcast antenna to the receiving antenna. Ground waves are particularly useful for long distance transmissions. Automatic direction finders (ADF) & LORAN navigational aids use these frequencies. ✈️High frequency (HF) radio waves travel in a straight line & do not curve to follow the earth’s surface. This would limit transmissions from the broadcast antenna to receiving antennas only in the line-of-sight of the broadcast antenna except for a unique characteristic. HF radio waves bounce off of the ionosphere layer of the atmosphere. This refraction extends the range of...

𝐇𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐅𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦

Helicopter Flight Control System 🛩️helicopter pilot manipulates the helicopter flight controls to achieve and maintain controlled aerodynamic flight. 🛩️Changes to the helicopter flight control system transmit mechanically to the rotor, producing aerodynamic effects on the rotor blades that make the helicopter move in a deliberate way. 🛩️To tilt forward and back (pitch) or sideways (roll), requires that the controls alter the angle of attack of the main rotor blades cyclically during rotation, creating differing amounts of lift(forces) at different points in the cycle. 🛩️To increase or decrease overall lift requires that the controls alter the AoA for all blades collectively by equal amounts at the same time, resulting in ascent, descent, acceleration and deceleration. 🛩️A typical helicopter has three flight control inputs—the cyclic stick, the collective lever, and the anti-torque pedals. 🛩️Depending on the complexity of the helicop...

𝐇𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦

Hydraulic System 🛩️There are multiple applications for hydraulic use in aircraft depending on the complexity of the aircraft. For example, a hydraulic system is often used on small airplanes to operate wheel brakes, retractable landing gear, and some constant speed propellers. 🛩️On large airplanes, a hydraulic system is used for flight control surfaces, wing flaps, spoilers, and other systems. 🛩️A basic hydraulic system consists of a reservoir, pump (either hand, electric or engine-driven), a filter to keep the fluid clean, a selector valve to control the direction of flow, a relief valve to relieve excess pressure, and an actuator. 🛩️The hydraulic fluid is pumped through the system to an actuator or servo. A servo is a cylinder with a piston inside that turns fluid power into work and creates the power needed to move an aircraft system or flight control. Servos can be either single-acting or double-acting, based on the needs of the system. This means that the fluid can be...

𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝𝐬

Basic Clouds 🛩️Cloud type is determined by its height, shape, & characteristics. They are classified according to the height of their bases as low, middle, or high clouds, as well as clouds with vertical development. 🛩️Low clouds are those that form near the Earth’s surface and extend up to about 6,500 feet AGL. They are made of water droplets but can include supercooled water droplets that induce hazardous aircraft icing. Typical low clouds are stratus, stratocumulus, nimbostratus. Fog is also low cloud formation. This Clouds create low ceilings, hamper visibility, & can change rapidly. They influence flight planning & can make visual flight rules (VFR) flight impossible. 🛩️Middle clouds form around 6,500 feet AGL & extend up to 20,000 feet AGL. They are composed of water, ice crystals, & supercooled water droplets. Typical middle-level clouds include altostratus & altocumulus. These types of clouds are encountered on cross-country flights at highe...

𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧

Forces in Turn 🛩️If an aircraft were viewed in straight & level flight from the front & if the forces acting on the aircraft could be seen, lift & weight would be apparent: two forces.If the aircraft were in a bank it would be apparent that lift did not act directly opposite to the weight, rather it now acts in the direction of the bank. When the aircraft banks, lift acts inward toward the center of the turn, perpendicular to the lateral axis as well as upward. 🛩️An increase in airspeed results in an increase of the turn radius, & centrifugal force is directly proportional to the radius of the turn. In a correctly executed turn, the horizontal component of lift must be exactly equal & opposite to the centrifugal force. As the airspeed is increased in a constant-rate level turn, the radius of the turn increases. This increase in the radius of turn causes an increase in the centrifugal force, which must be balanced by an increase in the horizontal compo...