The Aviation Science

Glide Slope 🛩️glide slope of ILS is defined as a system of vertical guidance embodied in the Instrument Landing System which indicates the vertical deviation of the aircraft from its optimum path of descent. 🛩️A glide slope station uses an antenna array sited to one side of the runway touchdown zone. The GS signal is transmitted on a carrier signal. 🛩️The centre of the glide slope signal is arranged to define a glide path of approximately 3° above horizontal (ground level). The beam is 1.4° deep (0.7° below the glide-path centre and 0.7° above). 🛩️The pilot controls the aircraft so that the glide slope indicator remains centered on the display to ensure the aircraft is following the glide path to remain above obstructions and reach the runway at the proper touchdown point (it provides vertical guidance). 🛩️Two signals are transmitted on one of 40 ILS channels. One is modulated at 90 Hz, the other at 150 Hz. These are transmitted from co-located ant...

Radio Waves 🛩️A radio wave is invisible to the human eye. It is electromagnetic in nature and part of the electronic spectrum of wave activity that includes gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, infrared waves, and visible light rays, as well all radio waves. The atmosphere is filled with these waves. Each wave occurs at a specific frequency and has a corresponding wavelength. The relationship between frequency and wavelength is inversely proportional. A high frequency wave has a short wave length and a low frequency wave has a long wave length. 🛩️In aviation, a variety of radio waves are used for communication. Here, It is illustrated the radio spectrum that includes the range of common aviation radio frequencies and their applications. 🛩️A wide range of frequencies are used from low frequency (LF) at 100 kHz (100,000 cycles per second) to super high frequency (SHF) at nearly 10gHz (10,000,000,000 cycles per second). The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) controls ...

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Inertial Navigation System 🛩️INSs contain Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) which have angular and linear accelerometers (for changes in position). 🛩️some IMUs include a gyroscopic element (for maintaining an absolute angular reference). 🛩️Angular accelerometers measure how the vehicle is rotating in space. 🛩️Generally, there is at least one sensor for each of the three axes: pitch (nose up and down), yaw (nose left and right) and roll (clockwise or counter-clockwise from the cockpit). 🛩️Linear accelerometers measure non-gravitational accelerations of the vehicle. 🛩️Since it can move in three axes (up & down, left & right, forward & back), there is a linear accelerometer for each axis. 🛩️A computer continually calculates the vehicle's current position. 🛩️First, for each of the six degrees of freedom, it integrates over time the sensed acceleration, together with an estimate of gravity, to calculate the current velocity. Then it integrates the vel...

Automatic Direction Finder 🛩️ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) is the radio signals in the low to medium frequency band of 190 Khz. to 1750 Khz. 🛩️It has the major advantage over VOR navigation in the reception is not limited to line of sight distance. 🛩️The ADF signals follow the curvature of the earth. 🛩️The maximum of distance is depend on the power of the beacon. 🛩️The ADF can receives on both AM radio station and NDB (Non-Directional Beacon). 🛩️Commercial AM radio stations broadcast on 540 to 1620 Khz. Non-Directional Beacon operate in the frequency band of 190 to 535 Khz. ✈️ADF COMPONENTS ✈️ADF Receiver: pilot can tune the station desired and to select the mode of operation. The signal is received, amplified, and converted to audible voice or morse code transmission and powers the bearing indicator. ✈️Control Box (Digital Readout Type) : Most modern aircraft has this type of control in the cockpit. In this equipment the frequency tuned is displayed as digital...

Runway Designation 🛩️Since aircraft are affected by the wind during takeoffs and landings, runways are laid out according to the local prevailing winds. 🛩️Runways are numbered (designated) to the nearest 10° in relation to magnetic north based on approach direction. ✈️Example: 084° is marked 08 ✈️Example: 085° is marked 08 or 09 ✈️Example: 086° is marked 09 🛩️This number becomes the runway's name, and is how it is referenced by Air Traffic Control (ATC)and other pilots. 🛩️The opposite end of the runway is then marked with the reciprocal heading. 🛩️Reciprocal heading is determined by adding or subtracting 180° from the runway heading. 🛩️You must therefore add 180 to any runway 180 or below, and subtract 180 to anything 180 or above. ✈️Example: (using runway 26) 260° - 180° = 080° ✈️Example: (using runway 08) 080° + 180° = 260° 🛩️If your answer comes out to be greater than 360, or negative, then you added when you should have subtrac...