𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧

Forces in Turn

🛩️If an aircraft were viewed in straight & level flight from the front & if the forces acting on the aircraft could be seen, lift & weight would be apparent: two forces.If the aircraft were in a bank it would be apparent that lift did not act directly opposite to the weight, rather it now acts in the direction of the bank. When the aircraft banks, lift acts inward toward the center of the turn, perpendicular to the lateral axis as well as upward.

🛩️An increase in airspeed results in an increase of the turn radius, & centrifugal force is directly proportional to the radius of the turn. In a correctly executed turn, the horizontal component of lift must be exactly equal & opposite to the centrifugal force. As the airspeed is increased in a constant-rate level turn, the radius of the turn increases. This increase in the radius of turn causes an increase in the centrifugal force, which must be balanced by an increase in the horizontal component of lift, which can only be increased by increasing the angle of bank.

🛩️In a slipping turn, the aircraft is not turning at the rate appropriate to the bank being used, since the aircraft is yawed toward the outside of the turning flight path. The aircraft is banked too much for the rate of turn, so the horizontal lift component is greater than the centrifugal force. Equilibrium between the horizontal lift component & centrifugal force is reestablished by either decreasing the bank, increasing the ROT, or a combination of the two changes.

🛩️A skidding turn results from an excess of centrifugal force over the horizontal lift component, pulling the aircraft toward the outside of the turn. The ROT is too great for the angle of bank. Correction of a skidding turn involves a reduction in the ROT, an increase in bank, or a combination of the two changes.

🛩️To maintain a given ROT, the angle of bank must be varied with the airspeed. It is important in high-speed aircraft. For instance, at 400 mph, an aircraft must be banked approximately 44° to execute a standard-rate turn(3°per sec). At this angle of bank, only about 79 percent of the lift of the aircraft comprises the vertical component of lift.

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